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The Dangers of Social Conformity Exposed in The Prime of...

The Dangers of Social Conformity Exposed in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie Muriel Sparks The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie depicts the coming of age of six adolescent girls in Edinburgh, Scotland during the 1930s. The story brings us into the classroom of Miss Jean Brodie, a fascist school teacher at the Marcia Blaine School for Girls, and gives close encounter with the social and political climate in Europe during the era surrounding the second World War. Sparks novel is a narrative relating to us the complexities of politics and of social conformity, as well as of non-conformity. Through looking at the Brodie set and the reciprocities between these students and their teacher, the writer, in this novel, reviews the essence of†¦show more content†¦The writer thus uses the pitfalls of social conformity found in classical studies, in order to make specific points. For example, research done by social psychologists Muzafer, Carolyn Sherif and Solomon Asch treated social conformity as an aspect of group dynamics (Coon, 560). This is present in Sparks no vel, as seen by the dynamics of the group formed by a teacher named Miss Brodie. Brodies students, like the subjects of the said psychological studies, conform to a set of beliefs under the pressure and power of suggestion despite what could be better judgement. This is shown in the passage when Sandy expresses the desire to be nice to Mary, but decides not to because she knew that such an action would not be in accordance with the Brodie Sets system of behavior (Spark, 46). The narrator says about Sandy: She was even more frightened then, by her temptation to be nice to Mary Macgregor, since by this action she would separate herself, and be lonely, and blameable in a more dreadful way than Mary who, although officially the faulty one, was at least inside Miss Brodies category of heroines in the making. Theorists would say that an individual tends to conform to a unanimous group judgment even when that judgment is obviously in error (Coon, 561). The more eager an individual is to become a member of a group, the more that personShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesis it, and why does it matter? Introduction What is organization theory? Defining theory What are organizations? The relationship between organization theory and human activities The relationship between organization theory and management practice Social engineering and organization theory Critical alternatives to managerialism in organization theory Philosophical disputes and debates: explaining and understanding the diverse nature of organization theory Mapping some aspects of organization theory’sRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesPrinciples and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene G. Taylor LIbRaRy and InfoRMaTIon CenTeR ManageMenT Seventh

Leadership Styles Transformational Leadership - 1457 Words

One leadership style stands out for its potential to advance organizational goals and achievement: Transformational Leadership. Understanding how leadership affects operations and the role it plays in organizations is crucial to success. This manuscript will examine Transformational leadership. It will also give examples of people that have embraced this leadership style. Finally, to help better understand the stance taken the text will explore several views on Transformational Leadership and why this leadership style is central to the advancement of organizations. In an ever changing world, organizations need to encourage effective leaders. To survive, they must also grow, adapt, and continually try out and adjust to new ideas. Transformational leadership plays a vital role in the advancement and success of organizations. This leadership style is the most effective in reaching success today and in the future. The concept of Transformational Leadership was established by James Macgregor Burns in 1978 to describe â€Å"that leaders and followers make each other advance to a higher level of morality and motivation.† In 1985 Bernard Bass expanded on this concept by seeing transformational leadership as being inextricably linked with higher order values. Bass originally saw it as amoral, and attributed transformational skills to people such as Adolf Hitler and Jim Jones, although he later changed his view after discussion with Burns. (â€Å"Bass’ Transformational Leadership Theory†).Show MoreRelatedLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1426 Words   |  6 Pagesprove that transformational leadership styles have a major influence on the employee motivation and organisational culture, hence influence the long term success of the business. A number of key leadership styles, together with the transformational leadership will be discussed and linked to real business-w orld examples. According to the research, there are three main leadership styles, specifically transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire. It has been found that a transformational leadershipRead MoreLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1913 Words   |  8 Pagesleader; this is a leadership style called transformational leadership. Transformational leadership is a style of leadership that an individual is admired by many co-workers, changes how things are done, improves the vision for the future and motivate to the entire work environment to be better as a whole. Fact is that leaders who develop the style of a transformational leader leads to a better organisation performance, and a better job/employee satisfaction. Transformational leadership is based on fourRead MoreLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1927 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership comes in many different styles. Depending on the type of mission or goal one has each style of leadership can be helpful or harmfu l. One leadership style that has been found to work well in a career setting is transformational leadership (Doody and Doody, 2012). Transformational leaders are described as having a deep set of internal values that they encourage those under them to take part in, in the end the ultimate goal for transformational leader is to help the greater good (Doody andRead MoreLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1112 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Style Leadership is a process by which a person influences the thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors of others (Agard, 2011, p. 330). Leadership models can enable or hinder an organizations success. Additionally, leadership styles impact how effectively organizations reach their goals. When leaders understand their dominate leadership style, they can identify their strengths and weaknesses and gain insights on their abilities, values, and beliefs. In addition, understanding a leadersRead MoreTransformational Leadership Style9215 Words   |  37 PagesInternational Journal of Hospitality Management 28 (2009) 254–262 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Hospitality Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhosman Transformational leadership style, market competition and departmental performance: Evidence from luxury hotels in Australia Anoop Patiar a,*, Lokman Mia b a b Department of Tourism, Leisure, Hotel and Sport Management, Grifï ¬ th University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Brisbane, QldRead MoreLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership1370 Words   |  6 PagesQUESTION 2 Transformational Leadership To improve motivation of employees it is necessary for the Simbian’s top-management to change their leadership style. Balazs (2002) claimed that for industries, which based on individual’s creativity and team work, such as professional architectural firms, transformational leadership style is crucial for organizations well-being. In 1978 Burns first introduced the theory of transformational leadership and differentiate it with transactional in his researchRead MoreLeadership Styles : Transformational Leadership Style2413 Words   |  10 Pagesthere is a direct correlation between effective leadership and a higher level of emotional intelligence. Management theory tends to differentiate between two distinct leadership styles – transformational and transactional. It is the former that theorists link to a higher levels of emotional intelligence in the managers, as well as higher levels of performance in their subordinates. A transformational leadership style differs from a transactional style in that the latter tends to focus on the use ofRead MoreA Unique Leadership Style And Transformational Leadership1286 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is the process of motivating others toward completion of a common goal and/or task. Luthans Avolio (2003) also introduced the concept of authentic leadership development, which is one of the many psychological perspectives of leadership. Authentic leadership is often defined as a pattern of transparent and ethical leadership behaviors’ that encourage openness in sharing information needed to make decisions while accepting followers’ input (Bass, 1999). I truly believe deep in my heartRead MoreTransformational And Authoritarian Leadership Style1691 Words   |  7 Pages Transformational or Authoritarian Leadership Style Pamela Walsh Leadership Dr. Maureen Nixon March 9, 2015 Transformational or Authoritarian Leadership Style Over the course of several decades, the depiction of leadership has changed. What was thought to be innovative and participative or transformational tactic to leadership has replaced the classical and autocratic or authoritarian approach. The step forward that not everything old is bad and not everything new is good wasRead MoreLeadership Styles, Leadership, Transformational Leadership And Laissez Faire Leadership1167 Words   |  5 Pagesinspired you to develop your own leadership traits? â€Å"A leader is someone who demonstrates what’s possible† (Mark Yarnell, 2015). There are numerous leadership styles. Each of the numerous leadership styles can be beneficial if utilized in an appropriate means. I have chosen three leaders and their unique leadership styles to discuss in this paper. The unique styles that will be discussed are situational leadership, transformational leadership, and laissez-faire leadership. I will also discuss each

Racial Discrimination And The Health Of African Americans

Racial discrimination is the ground root of disparities letting African Americans to low socioeconomic status and poor health outcomes. Why disproportionality in health is so high among African Americans in the United States? Disparities limit the continuity of improvement in overall quality of care and population health and result in poor health outcomes as well as unnecessary costs. Despite an upsurge focus on reducing disparities and increasing a set of advantages to address disparities in the federal, state, community, and provider level, there is still disproportionately high among African-Americans. It is important to pay attention, recognize the disparities and address the wide range of factors that contribute to disparities in health and health care. Racism and cultural mistrust provide reasonable contributions to the disproportionate care among African Americans, yet these variables likely reveal variations in the health care services. The connections of racial discriminati on, socioeconomic status, cultural mistrust, and perceptions of racism create an intricate set of variables that could be potential to impact the health of African Americans. Study Design and Methodology This study will use a qualitative research method to reveal and discover the barriers experienced by African Americans in accessing health care services. We will conduct the in-depth, standardized open-ended interview. The standardized open-ended interview let the researcher develop a set ofShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination Against African American Race1133 Words   |  5 Pages Discrimination against the African American Race Brian Barracks Social Psychology Dr. G. Austin Abstract Discrimination against African-Americans has been going on for many decades. Many African-Americans are still suffering from the effects of this. Many people who discriminate do not bother to analyze the damage that this is causing. Many African-Americans are suffering from stress problems, mental health issue, and some suffer from chronic stress. This issue has escalated for manyRead MoreKey Social Problems Affecting Africans Americans Essay1375 Words   |  6 Pages Though social problems affect a wide variety of people from all races, classes, and cultures; minorities, specifically African Americans, encounter social problems on a multi-dimensional basis. Poverty, employment rates, discrimination, and other social problems strike African Americans in such a way that it is nearly impossible to separate them; each individual has different background, socially and physically, that would determine in which order his or her social problems need to be solved. ImpoverishedRead MoreA Bri ef Note On Medical Care For African Americans Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesMedical Care for African-Americans Discrimination and the differential quality of medical care African-Americans receive are seen in all levels of professional healthcare workers. The differential treatments are ultimately affecting African-American lives due to the pertained racial divide and continued racism that is engrained in American society. The accumulation of racial biases reflects societal norms and it’s problems, and the increase skepticism African-Americans have towards health care – leadingRead MoreOvercoming Racism And Barriers To Counseling African Americans.1347 Words   |  6 Pagesand Barriers to Counseling African Americans Racism against African Americans and other ethnicities is still prevalent in our society. Salis (2015) mentions a recent poll of Caucasian and African Americans and found that sixty percent of those surveyed felt racial relationships ha vent improved and forty percent felt they were worse. In this paper, I will identify how a counselor can reduce the effects of racism and discrimination that has affected African Americans. Additionally, I will addressRead MoreEssay on Defining Racial Discrimination?775 Words   |  4 PagesFor discrimination to occur both power and prejudice need to come together, forming barriers that oppress a person or group of people deemed inferior. Discrimination can be intentional or unintentional. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines racism, as the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities, and produces an inherent superiority of a particular race. Racial discrimination refers to discriminatory actions based on race or s kin color. Racial discrimination canRead MorePost Traumatic Stress1171 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: MENTAL HEALTH: THE AFRICAN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE Running head: MENTAL HEALTH: THE AFRICAN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE 2 African Americans living in urban, low-income, impoverished environments are at high risk for exposure to traumatic events, and have a potential prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) due to previous and repeated trauma exposure. African-Americans living in urban, low income communities with continuous exposure to communityRead MoreDiscrimination And Psychiatric Disorders Among Older African Americans863 Words   |  4 PagesAda Delpino African Americans Discrimination and psychiatric disorders among older African Americans INTRODUCTION: Mouzon, D. M., Taylor, R. J., Keith, V. M., Nicklett, E. J., Chatters, L. M. (2016). Discrimination and psychiatric disorders among older African Americans. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. It is with extreme sadness that I read this article. The thought, that an entire population of people exist every day feeling less than, treated less thanRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Criminal Justice System1542 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction African American males are overrepresented in the criminal justice and many times are subject to harsher sentences than their Caucasian counterparts. African American males also experience racial profiling and have more negative interactions than any other population in the United States. Ibie, Obie, and Obiyan states, â€Å"African Americans have continued to be the repository for American crime and to be treated as amalgamation of presumed group trait rather than as individuals†. ThisRead MoreRace And Health Inequality In America. . Racial Discrimination1580 Words   |  7 PagesRace and Health Inequality in America Racial discrimination by doctors According to Golash-Boza (2016), the systemic racism or the accumulated disadvantages for non-whites are also reflected in in the areas of health and environment. Golash-Boza (2016) argues that racial inequalities diminish not only he opportunities for non-whites but also â€Å"our time on earth†. This can have an effect on the health and life expectancy. It is interesting to look at why blacks have a lower life expectancy thanRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Abolition Of Slavery1177 Words   |  5 Pagesthe minds of many Americans whether they are aware of it or not. This negatively effects African Americans in many ways. An example of such is increased stress which leads to negative health outcomes in African Americans such as low birth weights, and low life expectancies. Since they have worse health outcomes compared to their racial counterparts, one would expect them to be seen by physicians more. However, they also have decreased access to healthcare because of these health disparities. In addition

Melissa King Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Melissa King Argumentative Essay ENG140YDrama EssayFebruary 10, 2003Long Days Journey into Night,TheTyronian TragedyIn Eugene ONeills agonizingly autobiographical play Long DaysJourney into Night, readers are introduced a dismal family situation. Drugs, death, illness and failure lace each conversation, and regret flowsalmost as unreservedly as the alcohol. In such a tragedy, one would expect to have a clear idea of with whom theblame lies. In this piece of drama, however, there is a distinct inabilityto do so. Eugene ONeill persistently manipulates the emotional responses of thereader. This manipulation keeps partiality off balance and uncertain. ONeill accomplishes this by allowing readers to sympathize with one familymember. Once sympathy is established for one particular character, thatcharacter promptly says, or does, something that loses the readersalliance, along with the alliance of whichever character he or she isberating at that particular moment. This results in the readers inabilityto discern who, precisely, is culpable for the Tyrone familys situation. The idea of assigning culpability in Long Days Journey Into Night isalmost humourous. Even if one wanted to, it would be difficult to sortthrough years of built up anger, layer upon layer of repression, and hugeamounts of guilt in each character; for each character is at fault for onething or another, and, in addition, each character blames someone else forhis or her problem. For example, Mary blames her husband and histightfistedness for her addiction to morphine. Due to their mother being anaddict, Jamie is unable to bring girls home, thus he visits prostitutes. Such behavior has influenced his younger brother Edmund, making him oldbefore his time (35). Consequently, Jamie is at fault for Edmunds poorhealth. In turn, his mother, for causing the addiction by being broughtinto the world, as well as worsening it with his own illness, blamesEdmund. And so, the vicious circle continues. However, if one does not wish to inflict upon ones distinguishedteaching assistant a painfully long dissertation of each memberscontributions to the tragedy and the results thereof, one ought tomaintain, for arguments sake, that the majority of the culpability lieswith James Tyrone, for his behaviour in regards to money, alcohol, and hisown status as a failed actor. Jamess father had left the family when James was only ten years ofage. This left James as the man of the family, working twelve hours eachday to help provide for his mother and three sisters. As James explains,It was in those days I learned to be a miser(151). He feels proud of hissavings, and announces to his family in regards to buying something: I gotthem dead cheap(15). His own early recognition of the importance of moneyexplains his continual contempt for his own childrens lack of concern whenit comes to working: What do you know of the value of a dollar?(150). Heaccuses Jamie of being lazy and having no ambition. Not only does James Tyrone wish his sons understood the value ofmoney, but since they do not, he is forced to be miserly enough for thewhole family. Consequently, the family resents his overly economic ways. There are many attacks throughout the play on James Tyrone for this, thefirst one being Jamie accusing him of not sending Edmund to a real doctorfor his illness when he first got sick. Jamie says, Hardy only charges adollar. Thats what makes you think hes a fine doctor!(31). Later,another dialogue gives an even worse view of the situation; Tyrone sendingEdmund to a cheap sanatorium, but spending money on real estate:JAMIE: Well, for Gods sake, pick out a good place and not some cheapdump!TYRONE: (Stung) Ill send him wherever Hardy thinks best!JAMIE: Well, dont give Hardy your old over-the-hills-to-the-poorhousesongabout taxes and mortgages. .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0 , .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0 .postImageUrl , .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0 , .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0:hover , .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0:visited , .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0:active { border:0!important; } .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0:active , .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0 .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u391af807fbfcf47baf0303a661e8f3b0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Five Senese Aging EssayTYRONE: Im no millionaire who can throw money away! Why shouldnt Itell Hardy the truth?JAMIE: Because hell think you want him to pick a cheap dump, andbecause hellknow it isnt the truth especially if he hears afterwards youveseen McGuire and let that flannel-mouth, gold-brick merchant sting youwith another piece of bum property! (82)Later realizing the anger this statement comes from, James Tyroneoffers Edmund any place you like! Never mind what it costs! Any place Ican afford. Any place you like. Sadly, there follows the stipulationTyrone cannot seem to shake off: Within reason.(151). Cheap medical care seems to be Tyrones weakness. As Mary Tyrone makesclear, his tightfisted ways result, though inadvertently, in her downfallas well, due to a doctor giving her morphine as an easy fix. But bearing Edmund was the last straw. I was so sickafterwards, and that ignorant quack of a cheap hotel doctor-All heknew was I was in pain. It was easy for him to stop the pain.(90)Tyrone is also to blame for his wifes general unhappiness, not justher addiction to morphine. Mary says to Edmund that she has never beenhappy in the house, because Everything was done in the cheapest way. Yourfather would never spend the money to make it right.(45). The subsequentscene has Mary come downstairs (60), in a detached sort of manner. Shecomplains bitterly to Edmund about Tyrones inability to make a real home. He is too stingy to build a real home, with good servants, and so she hassuffered all her life. When Tyrone himself comes in, she says incontinuation of her previous statements Im sick and tired of pretendingthis is a home! You wont help me!(69). She goes on to say that had heremained a bachelor Then nothing would have happened. This indicatesstrongly that she blames him too. Tyrone condemns Mary for her addiction, yet feels no guilt orresponsibility for it, taking away any amount of forgiveness readers mayhave parted with in Tyrones favour. The amusing part of this however, iswhile he condemns his wife for substance abuse, the same thing is his ownmajor vice. Mary tells her husband: I would never have married you if Id knownyou drank so much (115). She also launches into a story about theirhoneymoon, when Tyrone was dragged home intoxicated. It appears that in afashion similar to that of their father, Jamie and Edmund seem quitepartial to alcohol. In fact, the entire family seems unable to confrontreality without chemical assistance. Marys words indicate that drinkingall day is a common Tyrone family activity: I know what to expect. Youwill be drunk tonight. Well, it wont be the first time, will it or thethousandth? (72). The Tyrone men validate their drinking habits with folkwisdom about whiskeys alleged health benefits: Its before a meal andIve always found that good whiskey, taken in moderation as an appetizer,is the best of tonics (68). Alcohol has contributed to Jamies failures. It has hurt Edmunds health. And it becomes a source of conflict betweenJamie and Tyrone, as Jamie consistently steals his fathers whiskey,replacing the amount taken with water, so his father wont take notice. Regrettably, the alcohol solves no problems, and problems get moreintricate as the tongues loosen from the booze. The three men share adrink, but none of the social magic of alcohol seems to work. Tyrone,Edmund and Jamie remain as miserable as ever. The last, most driving element of James Tyrones guilt is his statusas a failed actor. In act four of the play, James Tyrone relates somethingto his youngest son that he has never told anyone before. He explains thatsince his father left the family when he was ten, he grew up to be miserly. .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b , .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b .postImageUrl , .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b , .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b:hover , .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b:visited , .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b:active { border:0!important; } .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b:active , .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u896eda2378db6b21558d5c4e0d4a850b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sahara and Timbuktu Sample EssayThus he was quick to give up artistic fulfillment in exchange for financialsecurity, ruining his career as one of the three or four young actorswith the greatest artistic promise in America(153). James Tyrone now musesthat he doesnt even know what it was he had wanted to buy. It appears that James has never forgiven himself for this, andtherefore inflicts it on his family and neighbours. Mary says in regards tothe neighbours: they bowed to your father and he bowed back as if he weretaking a curtain call(44). Jamie relates that Tyrone puts on an act foreverybody (57). Tyrone begins to quote a play almost as tragic as his own family life,but his son, obviously well versed in his fathers repertoire ofchastisements from King Lear, finishes the sentence before his father cancontinue, with to have a thankless child. I know(92). His sons alsoimmediately think in terms of tragedy when referring to their father,quoting Othello in reference to Jamess snoring: The Moor, I know histrumpet'(21). It appears that Tyrone turns his own life into a tragedy,like the ones he once portrayed so well upon the stage, switchingaffections and emotions like he would have to between scenes, although hisfamily isnt as accepting of this as Edwin Booth and the critics obviouslywere. But why bother to deal with the question of fault? After all, thecharacters themselves claim not to care about it, such as in act two, scenetwo, when James Tyrone tries to blame Edmunds consumptive state on Marysside of the family. Jamie cries out against blame: Who gives a damn aboutthat part of it!Apparently, everyone does. ONeill, Eugene. Long Days Journey Into Night. New Haven: Yale UniversityPress, 1956

Ethics of Profits in Australian Retail Industry

Question: Discuss about the Ethics of Profits in Australian Retail Industry. Answer: Introduction Australian retail industry is facing many challenges in maintaining profits due to the consumers expectations regarding product prices. Price reduction is not just one problem as there are other competitors also who are participating in this price war. Retail giant Woolworths also took serious step of closing their sick stores in order to finance the price reductions. The major challenge for these retailers are infrastructure and operating cost which is a matter of serious concern as the online stores are giving tough competition as they are able to fulfil the promise of low price products easily as they dont have any major cost commitment to fulfil. Retailers in order to remain competitive fall into the trap of unethical decisions of saving cost. In order to reduce the cost, retailers focus on Cost of goods sold and cost of doing the business. Retailers since a long time relies overseas suppliers situated in usually developing or under developed nation so that raw material can be ac quired at a cheaper price. To support the argument the case of garment industry of Australia has been highlighted who imports around 90% garments. Due to serious competition among major fashion brands, the customers are price sensitive. In order to cater the needs of low price fashionable products, the buyers or exporters choose countries in which cheap labour is available. Not only this, the labour is exploited and made to work in poor working condition. Rana Plaza disaster in Bangladesh is a clear example of this. Many retailers take sincere efforts in monitoring the workplace condition of its suppliers and continuously conducts audit. Consumers on the other side are willing to pay extra if the workers in the industry are treated ethically. Many big suppliers like Wesfarmers and Coles are using their bargaining power to on the local suppliers as they both compose a large share of market segment. Also the suppliers are deliberately paid late and threatened of downsizing their product from retailers shelves. Rebate deals is another problem is retail industry. The target group reportedly showed increased profits of $21m after accounting for debate. The electronic giant DSG also took the help of rebated to inflate their profits. It is the responsibility of the CEO and CFO to control these activities. The management of an organization should not only focus on financial measure but also on non-financial measures to review the companys operating efficiency. The environment in which each of the following companies mentioned in the case study operates in the retail industry. All of them facing a common problem of price reduction and still ensuring sustainable profits. Ensuring profits should not be the common agenda but earning it ethically is very important. The issues arising in the case study is the role of accountant and CFO in identifying such unethical practices and take immediate decisions to prevent the negative effects on the shareholders and stakeholders of the organization. The Food and Grocery code of conduct requires the retailers and wholesalers to act lawfully and in good faith of the suppliers. Good faith refers to the fair and honest intention in dealing with the other party. As mentioned in the case study many renowned supermarket retailers have a long history of exploiting the suppliers to reduce their cost of operations and earning some extra profits. Dealing in good faith means the retailers should pay the dues of the suppliers on timely basis. Also, threatening the suppliers to boycott or downgrade their products when they dont agree to the terms and conditions of the suppliers violates the law of good faith. The retailers should not take undue advantage of their bargaining power and pay them as mentioned in the terms of contract. In case of any dispute arising from the terms of contract, the retailers and wholesaler should act in a fair and equitable manner and provide resolution of the problem that will serve in the best interest of both the parties (Federal Register of Legislation, 2015). In order to deal in a good faith the buyer should clearly lay down clear terms and condition and the consent of both the parties are equally important (ACCC, 2017). ACCCs Food and Grocery code of conduct have been responsible in giving clear and fair guidelines in protecting the interest of the suppliers. Government codes are often rigid and complex when it comes to the implementation part, but organization like ACCC provides a more flexible approach and accommodate the necessary changes required in many situations. They provide instant and effective remedies to the problems faced by the suppliers while dealing with the retailers and wholesalers. The government legislation requires to follow a set of code of conduct which is very time consuming and there are other pending cases also in case individuals wants to approach them regarding any dispute. As the name suggests it is a voluntary code, which means it is not imposed forcefully like Government codes rather welcomed by the organization who decides to adopt it. This ensures effective compliance of rules and regulations mentioned in the code of conduct. Also in order to make these voluntary codes into law requires lots of legal formality, resources, time and amendments which may not solve the purpose of protecting the interest of the suppliers (Consumer Affairs Victoria, 2016). The use of power by the dominant firm in the market is justified when it is exercised in order to regulate the prices in the market. Any unexpected fluctuation may lead to a situation of inflation and deflation in an economy. Also the power should be used to control any unfair trade practices done with an intention to deceive customers. The power should also be exercised in order to protect the interest of the suppliers who are in minority. Power gives the senior manager an authority to enforce decisions which are important for the organization in the legitimate way. Whenever new strategies are designed and implemented, the main problem lies in the resistance and opposition on the part of employees. A manager can use its power to implement strategies and convince every individual to be the part of the change management process also they can enhance team work and collaboration among employees. A manager can also use its decision making power to avoid any conflict between the employees and to make create an ethical working environment. A chief financial officer in an organization has a responsibility to manage the funds and financial resources of an organization, also their objective is to maximize the wealth of its shareholders but they have an ethical obligation towards companys stakeholders also. I would definitely oppose the decision as suppliers are the most important stakeholder of the organization as without them the business operations cannot run effectively. Paying the supplier later for no legitimate reason is a serious ethical issue (CIPS, 2013). I would also explain the board the implications of behaving unethically on the reputation of the business. Behaving unethically will also impact the investment decisions of investors and shareholders. An organization should not take undue benefit of its purchasing power as it is highly unprofessional and it may attract legal obligations. Also the code of conduct of a CFO clearly states that the responsibilities and dealings should be carried out honestly and in good faith and they should clearly communicate the suppliers the payment terms and follow them strictly. Companies following ethical business practices ensure sustainability and long term growth in the industry. The framework that can be used is the Fair Work Australia guidelines regarding work and wages norms. In developed countries they have a strict provision regarding minimum wage pay and other employment benefits. There are strict laws and regulations that protect the interest of the poor workers. The most vulnerable sector in developing countries is the industrial sector where workers are exploited. They dont have any rigid laws to protect their interest. These workers are also aware about their rights and duties and in case they face any unfair treatment, they immediately report it to the concerned judiciary. In developed countries wage workers are to receive wages and other benefits covered in modern award. If all these laws to be enforced in developing countries, they will require an authority to monitor the implementation of laws continuously such as Fair work commission in Australia. Another reason is that the level of poverty in developing countries is high and as a result labors are willing to work at a lower wages without even reporting to any legal authority (FWA, 2017). Most of these labors are migrants and they are staying illegally, which means laws and regulation of the country cannot protect them. In the case study, the poor and unjust treatment with factory workers has been discussed. Buyers in order to achieve bottom line benefits and achieve low cost leadership in the market try to exploit the workers by compromising in their working conditions in order to reduce the cost of doing the business. But it is morally and ethically incorrect and it has long term implications on the organizations reputation. As a senior manager I think the idea of cost price leadership is effective. I would suggest the chief marketing officer that todays consumers prefer products and services which are obtained through ethical and sustainable means (McAvoy, 2016). In the research it was also found out that Consumers are ready to pay a premium price for ethically produced product and seek discount from the companies who are involved in unethical production practices (Trudel Cotte, 2009). Consumers believe they have a personal responsibility in empowering the workers condition. This can only be effective when the company communicate the ethical issues towards the consumers and how their contribution can make a difference. Consumers feel proud when they feel they are associated with an ethical value driven company. Suppliers Audit is very important as it protects the corporate image of an organization. It is the responsibility of the management to continuously check that the suppliers complying with the ethical standards and values of the organization. As an auditor it is my responsibility to check whether the suppliers are fairly treating the factory workers properly or not. While conducting the audit, workers are manipulated to speak in the favor of organization. In order to get the true picture of the conditions of the factory workers, a secret and uninformed audit should be conducted and also rather than believing the spoken words, emphasis should be given on documents. Rather than asking the workers, they should be encouraged to write their problems anonymously so that their condition can be improved. Auditors should prepare a set of questions and should ask the workers individually and then reconfirm if they are agreeing on the same statement or not. In this method the manager will not be able to manipulate the workers and the truth about the working conditions of the workers will be in front of the auditors. In todays context both shareholders and stakeholders of an organization measures the companys performance beyond some financial figures. Integrated reporting believes in projecting the value created by an organization in terms of financial and non-financial terms. This included aspect such as human resource, social factors, and sustainability factors. Value creation is the most important concept in IR. IR assures long term success of the business and ensures long term investors. Earlier the focus of the business was on maximizing the profitability, irrespective of considering other ethical issues arising from the management decisions. But now it has become an integral part of the core values of the organization. It requires the organization to include environmental and other social factors along with the financial statements. The objectives of Integrated reporting is to address the stakeholders also as they contribute in the sustainability of the business. It aims to maximize the shareholders value through value creation. Human capital is an important component of IR. An organization in order to create value should design remuneration and performance in such a way that it meets the expectations of an individual (EY, 2013). In many organizations the remuneration of the senior level executives is independent from the performance of the organization. They are paid well and provided with incentives and that is why they are least concerned with maximizing the value for the shareholder. They are more interested in personal gains and involved in activities such as insider trading. In order to align the interest of the senior level executives with the interest of the shareholders, they are paid rewards in the form of equity which means they can only maximize their rewards from the shareholders gain. The size of the organization impacts the remuneration. Larger the organization, larger is the shareholders capital. In order to create and maximize shareholders value the CEOs are given larger share of equity so that they can take decision in the best interest of themselves and the shareholders. In bigger organization the scope of frauds and other illegal activity on the part of the senior board is more. The remuneration pattern is decided so that all these unethical business practices can be controlled and they work in maximizing the shareholders value as Shareholders loss is their loss too (Cooper, Gulen Rau, 2009). Stakeholders in any organization are an individual or a group of individual who have a significant impact on the performance of the organization. These individuals have stake in the organization not necessarily directly but they affect the organizations objectives and performance. The stakeholders of large supermarket company are its employees, customers, suppliers, investors, shareholders, local communities and industry groups. Stakeholders are not interested in the financial performance of an organization but in their sustainability. Sustainability can be achieved by ethical business practices. If an organization behaving unethically the stakeholders like customer will stop buying from them, suppliers may stop supplying them and investors may not be interested in investing in the business. As a result the organizations performance starts decreasing (Ferrell, 2004). In order to address the needs of the stakeholders, concept like integrated reporting came into existence. Conclusion The case study concludes on the note that earning profit are important but earning them ethically is more important. All the retailers mentioned in the case study amongst the biggest retailers of the Australia. The unethical practices implemented by them to reduce cost and earn profits have a significant impact on the public image. They should keep in mind about the stakeholders and shareholders of the organization. The misuse of bargaining power by these giants in developing countries has raised many question on the exploitation done on the factory workers. In order to improve their working condition a continuous audit is important. Many businesses like DSG group of Australia avail rebate benefits results to increase their short term profitability but it may create some moral and ethical obligation in future. The organisation such ACCC design and implement code of conduct for other business as well. CFO and other senior managers of any organization are responsible and can be held re sponsible for the after effects and consequences. Business decisions in an organization should be taken into the account the best interest of both stakeholders and shareholders. Cost reductions due to many other activities are a serious form of ethical misconduct. In order to reduce the cost of operations and cost of doing the business, exploiting the suppliers financially and threatening them is not justified. An organization should follow ethical purchasing practices as the society can perceive the organization as ethical. The major reason for adopting unethical practices is that the organizational performance is measured in terms of profits. As a result they use different ways to increase profits irrespective of the fact that they are ethical or not. The organization should rather switch to non-financial measures as it will improve the overall efficiency of the organization. If a business want to remain competitive in the long run and wants sustainability by ensuring the trust of the shareholders and stakeholders they should run their business ethically. Also, supplier is the most important factor in running the business operations, maintaining a healthy relationship will ensure long term growth and success of the organization in the future. References ACCC. (2017). Food and Grocery Code of Conduct. Retrieved from https://www.accc.gov.au/business/industry-codes/food-and-grocery-code-of-conduct on 28 April 2017. CIPS. (2013). Ethical Purchasing Practices. Retrieved from https://www.cips.org/Documents/Knowledge/Procurement-Topics-and-Skills/4-Sustainability-CSR-Ethics/Sustainable-and-Ethical-Procurement/Ethical_Purchasing_Practices-Knowledge_How_To.pdf on 28 April 2017. Consumers Affairs Victoria. (2016). About voluntary industry codes of conduct. Retrieved from https://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/resources-and-education/develop-a-code-of-conduct/about-voluntary-industry-codes on 28 April 2017. Cooper, J.M., Gulen, H. Rau, R.P. (2009). Performance for pay? 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Retrieved from https://spendmatters.com/2016/02/15/ethical-sourcing-do-consumers-and-companies-really-care/ on 28 April 2017. Trudel, R. Cotte, J. (2009). Does It Pay To Be Good? Retrieved from https://bear.warrington.ufl.edu/williams/MAR_6930/Readings_files/Trudel%20%26%20Cotte.pdf on 28 April 2017.