Macduff vs. Macbeth a True Case of Good vs. Evil free essay sample

A True Instance of Good vs. Evil? At the end of the play Macbeth, Macduff kills Macbeth in a scene easily read as the victory of good over evil, but is this accurate? Is Macbeth completely evil? Is Macduff completely good? Or is there an in between? I believe that Macduff is good, but there is definitely an in-between with Macbeth. I see Macduff as being a good person. He does everything he can to improve the state that Scotland is in. When he flees to England and leaves his family behind, some people may interpret it as him doing bad since his family is slaughtered in his absence. I do not see it this way. I believe Macduff is doing what he thinks is best for Scotland when he flees to England. That is to get Malcolm to come back and take his rightful place as king of Scotland. This is evident when Macduff is in England talking to Malcolm. We will write a custom essay sample on Macduff vs. Macbeth: a True Case of Good vs. Evil? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Malcolm says â€Å"let us seek out some desolate shade, and there/weep our sad bosoms empty† (4. 3:1-2, Page 70). Basically, he is feels sorry for the state into which Scotland has fallen since Macbeth has become king. To this Macduff replies â€Å"Let us rather hold fast the mortal sword, and like good men bestride our down-fall’n birthdom† (4. :3-4, Page 71). This translates to â€Å"let us rather hold fast the deadly sword, and like good men protectively stand over our native land. † Basically what Macduff is trying to say is that instead of crying for Scotland, they should fight for their land to bring her back to the state they knew and loved. Further on into this same conversation, there is further proof that Macduff was seen as good. He tells Malcolm â€Å"I am not treacherous† to which Malcolm replies â€Å"but Macbeth is† 4. 3:18-19, Page 71). This also goes toward the argument of Macbeth being evil. He is seen as treacherous and a tyrant. He brings sadness to Scotland. Macduff says that â€Å"each new morn/New widows howl, new orphans cry, new sorrow/Strike heaven on the face† (4. 3: 4-6, Page 71). This is just a hint of how bad the state of Scotland has gotten. Macbeth is also evil in that he murdered and framed people to become king of Scotland. He murdered the current king, Duncan, and made it appear that the guards in his chambers of the crime. He was told by the Weird Sisters that he would be king. He was just too impatient to wait his turn and turned to murder instead. Although he did do a lot of things that could be considered evil, I do not believe that Macbeth was wholly evil. He was brave and seen as a hero in the war against Norway. This heroism even got him the title of Thane of Cawdor. Banquo didn’t seem displeased at the prophecies of Macbeth becoming Thane of Cawdor and King. If Macbeth was evil, Banquo would have been displeased with this. He can also be seen as not wholly evil because he is hesitant in his plot to kill the king. Lady Macbeth has to help to convince him to do it. If he was wholly evil, he would have had no hesitation in murdering someone for his own gain. Due to the mix of good and evil in the character of Macbeth, there is definitely some gray area to the play. I think this gray area adds depth to the play. Not everyone is interested in straight good and evil. Some prefer a round, conflicted character such as provided by the character of Macbeth.

Blue Collar Workers in Karachi

Blue Collar Workers in Karachi Free Online Research Papers A blue collar worker is a member of the working class who performs manual labor (or elementary work as stated in the table) and earns an hourly wage or a meager monthly wage. Blue collar workers are distinguished from service workers and from white collar workers, whose jobs aren’t considered manual labor. However, some service workers are often referred to as blue collar workers. Blue collar workers may be skilled or unskilled, and may involve factory work, maintenance, or technical installations. With the abundance of population in Pakistan it is imperative that there is a lack of jobs available to the population. Most people end up taking up any sort of jobs available, which generally end being the Blue collar ones. According to 2001 statistics, Pakistan houses 7.8 million blue collar workers. With such a great number it is apparent that people begin to understand their importance and give them their due as there is a general conception that society considers blue collar workers to be taken for granted and mistreats them. Pakistan is a rapidly developing country which has faced a number on challenges on both the political and economic fronts. Despite being a very poor country in 1947, Pakistan’s economic growth rate was better than the global average during the subsequent four decades, but imprudent policies led to a decline in the late 1990’s largely due to political instability. Recently, wide ranging economic reforms have resulted in a stronger economic out look and accelerated growth especially in the manufacturing and financial service sectors. However the western world and the Japanese have evolved industries to new heights, leaving second and third world countries like Pakistan far behind. Most of the theories and technologies used by them in almost every field are normally only used by us when the west terms them obsolete. Once such field that has generally found Pakistan left wanting is â€Å"Human Resources† or HR as it is popularly termed. Of all the resources available at a management’s disposal the human factor is the most difficult resource to control. Human resource refers to individuals who make a vital contribution to the attainment of management goals. It should be the goal of every manager to get the best out of his staff thereby increasing productivity and in turn profit. Now in order to influence the workers, managers need to understand three elements of the workers nature: 1) Attitude: is a predisposition to react to a certain person, concept or situation with a particular response. 2) Perception: is the physiological process of selecting stimuli, organizing data into patterns and interpreting that information. 3) Job satisfaction: to a worker’s sense of achievement and success. In the ever evolving business world, completion is so great that every organization has to continuously increase its effectiveness and efficiency in order to survive. A management has to achieve the perfect balance between keeping workers happy and work related stress levels in order to get the best out of their workers. People want to feel that they are making a difference, especially when it comes to the jobs they do. When workers are aware that their work makes a difference to other, even in small ways, their job satisfaction rises and so does their productivity! However it is very unfortunate that in Karachi, or Pakistan too for that matter, little official right or respect is given to human resource workers due to inefficient human resource capabilities. Those who tend to get the worst of the deal are blue collar workers. A blue collar worker is a member of the working class who performs manual labor (or elementary work as stated in the table) and earns an hourly wage or a meager monthly wage. Blue collar workers are distinguished from service workers and from white collar workers, whose jobs aren’t considered manual labor. However, some service workers are often referred to as blue collar workers. Blue collar workers may be skilled or unskilled, and may involve factory work, maintenance, or technical installations. According to 2001 statistics, Pakistan houses 7.8 million blue collar workers. With such a great number it is apparent that people begin to understand their importance and give them their due. Scope For this sample study ten people were chosen, all of whom are blue collar workers from a variety of fields. On the following page is a list of the interviewed candidates and their profession. Due to various constraints a quota sample to include the following groups was made, ( persons selected form the group has the number mentioned in brackets as per the table on the following page, one person may be included in more than one group): 1) Contractors (6) 2) Law enforcement (7) 3) Under age laborers (4) 4) Immigrants workers (5) 5) Skilled professionals (1,2 and 8) 6) Running a meagerly business (3) 7) Employees involved in maintenance (4, 9 and 10) 8) Religious minority (10) 9) Working in the same organization (9 and 10) 10) Elderly workers (5) Next we interviewed the 50 members of general public as to what they felt about the blue collar workers, and what they would do if they were blue collar workers. Methodology As the report shall be based on three aspects, a questionnaire was designed on various aspects of the persons work to be filled in by direct interviews of ten blue collar workers. The second part consists of questionnaires filled in by the general public as to their views on the blue collar workers and what they would do in their place. This would provide the data for the study. Analysis of this data would provide us with information with which we could work to achieve the objective. Inefficiencies in methodology: As most of the selected persons were illiterate, all answers were filled in by the interviewer thereby causing the following inaccuracies: 1) There was a language difference, the questionnaire was in English where as all answers were given in the native language of Urdu. 2) As the questions were rather personal they could be the subject to bias for eg. Zareena claimed her salary was rs.500 however on consultation with her management it was found that it was almost the same as her colleague, Daniel Bhutta that is rs. 3000. 3) The questionnaires filled in by the general public were not necessarily filled in with all earnest. Findings (The data from each question has been sub-divided into headings) General Trends Question 1 â€Å"How did you get into your current line of work?† The most striking observation here is that 6 out of the 10 people interviewed were influenced to start their current line of work by peers, two were forced to by circumstance and only two followed their passion. Question 2 â€Å"Do you like your present work?† Evidently all, except one person were satisfied with their work. The chart below gives stereotyped reasons for liking/disliking their work, showing the personal reasons and passion factors to the most dominant: Question 3 â€Å"Do you possess any other skills?† 6 out of the 8 males have other skills as carpentry, driving etc however only one, the policeman – nadeem akhtar, has a skill that could potentially make him a white collar worker. None of the females on the other hand possess skills. Question 4: â€Å"About you present work: What do you like most? What makes you unhappy? The Above table depicts the nature of the various answers that were given. a) Reasons given for liking work No. Spiritual 1 Environment 3 Nature of Job 5 Respect 0 Compensation 1 a) Reasons given for disliking work No. Spiritual 0 Environment 1 Nature of Job 3 Respect not given 4 Lack of compensation 2 Question 7 â€Å"Is there any aspect of your work that you would like to change?† The following graph shows the frequency of answers given, most of which were pertaining to job timings, pay and management. Question 8 â€Å"Are your earnings sufficient to support your family?† Unsurprisingly all the answers were impulsively â€Å"NO!!†. the general expenditures mentioned in the order of most to least mentioned were 1. Rent 2. Electricity 3. Food 4. Petrol 5. Sibling/children education 6. Medical bills Note: In most cases the candidate was not the only earning member of the family. Question 12 â€Å"Given your present circumstances which would you prefer?† a- A new job b- a new job in a different field c- self employment/ business d- remain in the current position The Following Graph shows each answer chosen: Question 13: â€Å"Which of the four values do you desire most from your work place? a- Compensation b- Recognition c- Status d- Social interaction The Following graph shows the frequency of each answer chosen: Attitude: Attitude is a predisposition to react to a certain person, concept or situation with a particular response. Attitude generally varies from person to person and place to place. It is a self learned action developed by past observation, experiences and influence of others attitudes, Question 8 â€Å"Are your earnings sufficient to support your family?† The answer to this question was always a â€Å"no†, but it showed a common affective attitude in all subjects. The latter part of the question showed a cognitive character about what each worker feels about his house hold expenditures. It can safely be concluded that rent tops this list as shown earlier. Question 9 â€Å"What keeps you motivated to work?† A variety of answers were given to this question, which portray how different people have different attitudes. The predominant motivating factor was survival and providing for their families, such employees have no personal ambitions, no desire for any sort of career growth. They simply wish to do their duties and get paid; they rant for more salary but do not strive to validate such action. Such an attitude was found with contracted construction worker. Another type of attitude shown by the candidates was spiritually based behavior, these people recline themselves into believing that God has put them where they are because of His design. They show similar work ethics as those people who work to survive, these people however tend to be more sincere and honest in their work and try harder to accomplish tasks and please managers. Such an attitude was found with the pan vendor. The third type of attitude that could be observed was â€Å"work to earn† behavior. These people would generally work harder than the other two mentioned above as they wish for carrier growth and pay improvements. Such an attitude was found with both female and domestic servants. Arguably, the most productive workers are those people who had a dispositional approach to their work. These people actually believe they are working for a greater cause and that their work can bring benefits either to themselves or society. Such an attitude was found with the policeman, i.e. â€Å"doing a public service.† Question 10 â€Å"How does your family feel about your line of work?† This question revealed the attitude of the workers family towards his/her line of work. The answers revealed three trends: 1) Discontent- Mainly due to the pay scale. Such negative influence tends to have a reducing effect on the workers productivity. 2) Acceptance- they accept the fact that improvement in the standard of living is difficult to achieve and therefore do not aim to pursue a better one. 3) Appreciation – they acknowledge the effort put in and happy and in some cases proud that the person in question is earning and providing for them. Question 12 â€Å"Which of the 4 values mentioned below do you value most from your work place?† A- Compensation B- Recognition C- Status D- Social interaction With reference to the above values, compensation and recognition were the most desirable. Given the low standards of living, compensation was desirable since it is difficult to make ends meet. The desire for recognition is a cultural demand since eastern cultures greatly emphasize on self worth and pride Perception: In the physiological process of selecting stimuli, organizing it into recognizable pasterns and interpreting that information. The perceptual process is the series of actions and in that individuals follow in order to select, organize and interpret stimuli from the environment. Question 5 â€Å"Mention things you like and dislike about your management? Are you satisfied with your management’s policy and rules? How do you feel about your work environment? This question was subject to a lot of bias as the workers seemed hesitant to answer this question as they feared their answers would reach their management which in some cases indicates that they are not satisfies and in others just shows a cautionary measure, Many cases indicated good treatment by the managers, a decent working environment and freedom of performance. Most complaints were about being reprimanded in some cases not being given enough importance, aside from that some complained that their work was unappreciated as it was deemed as requiring very little skill. There were also complaints about communication barriers and lack of importance to feedback. Four of the ten people were satisfied with their management policies. The other six generally complained about policies on punctuality, customer treatment, dress code and demands for greater productivity. It appeared they had no complaints against the work environment. The main reason for this is social interaction. Domestic workers were treated like it was their house; Those working in organizations enjoyed the fact that there was a multitude of staff to interact with. One the contractor complained of the physical conditions of his environment but that had more to do with the nature of his job. Question 6 â€Å"Why do you people prefer self employment?† What are the drawbacks of self employment?† Only pan vendor was self employed and the only advantage he saw was that he did not have to share the benefits that came of his labor. The drawback that he saw was that his earnings were unstable. Question 7 â€Å"Is there any religious/racial oppression in you workplace?† Eight of the ten people interviewed claimed that there was no religious or racial oppression in the workplace. The contractor and Rubina (domestic servant) mentioned of racial bias at their workplace. The policeman mentioned slight religious prejudice. JOB SATISFACTION Pertains to a workers sense of achievement and success. Job satisfaction refers to how content an individual is with his/her job. It covers everything from working environment to pay and to the job description. It was startling to note that none of them showed any interest towards career betterment however it is quite understandable since in their level of education and range of pat if it is not possible to do so and most of them were just happy to put food on the table. When asked if they would like to change any aspect of their work, three of the ten people were happy with their work and desired no change. The other seven generally wanted changes in the work hours and pay scales. Only the policeman complained about corruption and illegal pressure from high ups. Analysis of the Questionnaires A second questionnaire was floated among general public mainly to I.o.B.M. students to know their views and reviews regarding what they think about blue collar workers. It was observed that a major proportion of people were aware of who the blue collar workers are and their job specifications. People were also generally aware of the fact that without the presence of blue collar workers, some of the major tasks cannot be accomplished like jobs involving cleaning, caretaker (guards), and assembly line workers in factories. According to them blue collar workers though given little regard and respect, play a major role in society. A major proportion of people also included them into appropriate human resources giving them much importance, which they duly deserve. Most of the people thought that blue collar workers should be ‘treated with respect and let them do their jobs’ while another portion thought them to ‘treat them as an equal to every employee in the firm’. Such respect would ultimately enhance their performance. A minority were of the opinion blue collar workers should be treated â€Å"kindly, in order to nurture them into doing their work well† and no one believed that they should be treated harshly. Another factor that people agreed to was: performance appraisal in the form of rewards would improve the efficiency of the work. People thought that blue collar workers need a little or an average education, mainly showing skepticism. But keeping in mind the state of our city Karachi where poverty rate is high due to illiteracy, education needs to be spread to such people even at a lower level. Majority agreed that in near future years, technological revolutions could be a threat to blue collar jobs. One such example can be quoted of the wide use of vacuum cleaners at home, cutting off the jobs of maids. Also the trend of Day-Care centers has reduced ample jobs of baby sitters. Lastly the students were given a scenario to imagine them selves as blue collar workers at I.o.B.M. or any industrial firm and suggest a salary. The range usually lied between Rs.3000 to 6000. There were mixed opinions regarding whether blue collar work would sit well with their families, some people gave their answers relative to their families financial situation, others clearly showed signs of fear and linked being a blue collar worker with failure hence believed that their would be discontent with such work. Also when the desired value from this work place was asked, it varied through depending upon people’s perceptions of what life as a blue collar worker would be like. Compensation stood out as the most common answer with a few people preferring recognition and status. Just the odd person wanted career growth; social interaction and spiritual satisfaction were given no importance at all. Comparative Analysis â€Å"Money makes the world go round,† it was clear that both parties were mostly concerned with money. They realized that as not too much qualification is required for blue collar work it is only fair that the income gained from it is meager. Though most of the blue collar workers have made a livelihood out of what they do, students associate such jobs with poverty and a degradation of their current status. Surprisingly, a stark contrast arose between the public and workers when they work asked about job satisfaction. It was emphasized by 90% of the workers being satisfied with their work, being disgruntled only about timing issues or wanting a raise (which is only natural as white collar workers tend to have the same complaints). The students on the other hand did not take a fancy to life as blue collar workers and implied their disposition on blue collar workers in general assuming they were all unsatisfied with their work. The study further made eminent the difference in values engrained in both parties. Whereas the people were more concerned with financial, social and growth issues the blue collar workers had a more spiritual side active in them and were concerned about the well being of their families. The blue collar workers also appeared to be short sighted, focusing on achieving short term goals such as paying bills. Conclusion It is interesting to see how many blue collar workers underestimate themselves and their abilities. On further interaction with them it can be observed that they are intelligent but due to illiteracy and poverty their resources are limited and they can’t utilize it. Therefore in this light it must be seen that their opinions are rather limited and they are less prone to any risk taking behavior due to the high rates of unemployment. In many cases they have simply accepted their fair which is what there no incentive for career betterment or job rotation is. A lot of their decisions are based n the fact that they can always be replaced due to the nature of their work. Culture and religion seem to influence their work to a substantial degree and in some cases hold them back. Work place values are concentrated on recognition and compensation, unlike the western world where social interaction seems to play a much greater role. It is apparent that their lives are full of struggle and based on survival which is their primary aim which is why their productivity suffers as there is no motivation to advance. Demographics also play an important role in their careers. These people are held down by a large number of dependants and most of them do not contribute to the family income. The fact remains however that the general public is only aware of the presence of blue collar workers and how to treat them. Beyond such common knowledge there is a lack of application of this concept nor is there any real desire to actually take blue collar workers seriously. Therein the hypothesis is proved to be true. With a new breed of HR professionals coming through institutions it is important that they are trained in order to keep both the blue collar workers and the management happy. Bibliography ? Certo, Samuel C. Modern Management. Singapore: Pretice Hall, 2002. ? Dickson, John W., and Rogene A. Buchholz. DIFFERENCES IN BELIEFS ABOUT WORK BETWEEN MANAGERS AND BLUE-COLLAR WORKERS. Blackwell Synergy. 1979. . ? Pakistan. Wikipedia. . ? Statistics taken from Economic Survey of Pakistan. Research Papers on Blue Collar Workers in KarachiInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementResearch Process Part OneThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export Quotas

Human Rights Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Human Rights Law - Essay Example This paper has attempted to analyze the case of unfair discrimination against the Sub-Saharan African countries in the area of international trade and how this can be considered as an example of a violation of the â€Å"Human Right against Discrimination†. (Blackhurst, Lyakurwa, Oyeide, p.491-510) Critical Appraisal of the Literature Review The authors Blackhurst, Lyakurwa and Oyeide have utilized a number of authentic sources to gather information on their subject of research. Out of the resource materials, some sources provided general information about underdeveloped African countries belonging to the region of sub-Sahara. However, other sources presented more specific information about the trading activities of these countries and how they still have to encounter unfair discrimination in the arena of international trade. Research Design In their research paper, authors Blackhurst, Lyakurwa and Oyeide have attempted to investigate the â€Å"Options for Improving Africaâ₠¬â„¢s Participation in the WTO†. The authors have considered the data which exhibit the current trends of globalization,that is prevalent among countries across the world. ... he authors have concluded that the African countries belonging to the Sub-Saharan region are increasingly being left behind in the international efforts of globalization. The concept of globalization envisages a singular global economy, where the different countries would be allowed to engage in commercial exchanges with each other following fair terms of trade. However, the African nations are falling behind in this respect. The developed countries are unjustly discriminating against them, in the arena of international trade, thus preventing them from participating freely in commercial exchanges. Conclusion The unfair discrimination against the Sub-Saharan African countries is actually an example of the violation of one of the fundamental civil liberties: The Right against Discrimination. If the international community wants to achieve complete globalization of trading practices, then international trade has to be based on the fundamental principles of human rights. In that case, th ere would be no unfair discrimination against the participation of any nation or any groups of nations. Till that time, the authors advise the global community to think of methods of improving the participation of the African countries in international trade under the regime of the WTO Agreements. Preliminary Bibliography 1. Alston P., Goodman G., and Steiner H.J. (2007) International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics and Morals, UK, Oxford University Press 2. Blackhurst,R, Lyakurwa,B, Oyeide, A.,Options for Improving Africa’s Participation in the WTO’, The World Economy,Volume 23, Issue 4, pages 491–510, available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9701.00286/abstract 3. Campbell T. (2005), Rights: A Critical Introduction, USA, Canada, Routledge 4. Charter of the

Application of E-Business in Saudi Arabia Research Paper

Application of E-Business in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example Factors that affect the adoption of the technology in Saudi Arabia include the financial position of the business, the nature or characteristics of the business organization and the employees’ acceptance and perception of e-business. Some of the recommendations for the research are that the governments should use standardized methods to implement ICT projects. Regular training and empowerment workshops should be conducted to ensure that there is no resistance to change. Table of Contents Application of E-Business in Saudi Arabia 1 Running head: E-BUSINESS 1 1 Abstract 1 E-Business 5 Rationale 5 Project Topics 6 Research Methods 7 Expected Findings and Implications 7 Annotated Bibliography 8 Introduction 12 Rationale 13 Specific Topic 13 Research Purpose 14 Hypotheses 14 Literature Review 14 History and Background 14 Exceptions 15 Solutions 16 Discussion 17 Barriers to E-Business 17 Motivators to Commerce 18 Methodology 19 Research Purpose 19 Data Collection Method 19 Survey In strument 20 Population, Sampling Strategy and Sample 20 Data Analysis 21 Results 21 Implications of the Findings 26 Limitations 27 Conclusion 27 Recommendations 28 Final Thoughts 28 Questionnaire 34 E-Business E-business (electronic business) describes the act of a business utilizing electronic network in the improvement of business processes or systems. ... The data collecting tool will be administration of questionnaires which will be conducted through various means such as e-mail, post and fax. However, face-to-face surveys will be conducted although reference will be made to questionnaires. The collected data from the tables will be analyzed through application of the Microsoft Excel and recommendations offered based on the results. The application of e-business among Saudi Arabian companies is expected to be low. Factors that affect the adoption of the technology in Saudi Arabia include the financial position of the business, the nature or characteristics of the business organization, and employees’ acceptance and perception of the of e-business. Some of the benefits of e-business include: promotes globalization, reduction in the costs involved in running of the business, improvement of the supply chain, portrays flexibility in operation hours, enhances procurement process and not subject to city laws and permits. Rationale A lthough e-business is currently applied globally, Saudi Arabia still lags behind in adoption of the technology. Although the country possesses the most advanced and the fastest growing ICT technology in the Arab region, the application of e-business has been adopted at a slow rate. Additionally, there is no detailed information on the adoption of E-commerce among most of the Saudi Arabians. According to Marcus, Wigham and Gould (2011), the Kingdom has registered a substantial population growth that can profitably adopt e-business and enhance the economic growth of the country. This research will rely on wide range of responses from employees in various organizations within Saudi Arabia. This will enable the identification of the

Project feasibility study report through Primary Research Assignment

Project feasibility study report through Primary Research - Assignment Example This paper will examine how the differences achieve different outcomes and goals between the various universities. By looking at the different universities, there will be different insight into the effectiveness of specific programs as well as the similarities that may be between different regions because of the expectations in design entrepreneurship for the current work force. Introduction Creating a different understanding of design entrepreneurship leads to specific careers and studies in the field. More important, it establishes distinct differences in how individuals receive training and what the outcome is of the education that is received (Reynolds et al, 2005: p 205). When looking at different concepts that are a part of design entrepreneurship as a part of the educational field, it can be seen that cultural and social influences directly impact those which are involved in this career field. More important, there are distinguished alternatives that are used by the teaching m ethods and expectations which are associated with various universities (Henry, Hill, 2005, p 98). ... ave individuals who have the capability to work as their own business while creating teams and working as leaders is one of the main proponents that is associated with this. From the entrepreneurship trends that are a part of society are also new economic standards and expectations that are leading to new types of training needed for those who are going through educational programs. Building ways to train individuals in legitimate areas then becomes a main proponent for the entrepreneurship. For those interested in design, this is furthered with the expectation that most who graduate with a degree will move into an entrepreneurial position, even while working in a specific career field or with a business. The nature of this work has made it pertinent for universities to establish a different option for individuals to understand how to work as design entrepreneurs (Kuratko, 2005: p. 577). Another concept which is specifically associated with entrepreneurship is based specifically on t he expectations for the changes in culture. The different universities which are now creating curricula for students are building on the global nature of a workforce as well as how this is directly associated with entrepreneurs. There is an understanding of how the universities can move to offer more options for a global corporate structure. At the same time, there is the need to understand how to create a different structure based on setting each university apart. Through current studies (Kothari, Handscombe, 2007, p 43), there is an understanding that universities are trying to educate students for a global work force. However, many are also using cultural differences as a way to create differences between the schools, specifically so there are distinctions for national prosperity as well

The Theory Of Substance Dualism

The Theory Of Substance Dualism An argument has been made against Descartes interactive substance dualism theory that will be analyzed and evaluated in this paper. The Christian apologist J.P. Moreland argued in an online video that goes as such: If interactive substance dualism is true, a non-physical substance could have an effect on a physical substance. It is metaphysically impossible that a non-physical substance could have an effect on a physical substance. Interactive substance dualism is false. (Moreland J. P., 2009) This paper will set forth to point out that this argument against Descartes interactive substance dualism theory, while being valid in nature, is unsound because its second premise is false. With the help of modern science; this paper will argue that it is indeed metaphysically possible for a non-physical substance to have an effect on a physical substance. Before we can appropriately analyze and evaluate the argument, some terms must be defined first so that we may understand how this paper will defend interactive substance dualism. The first step when evaluating an argument is to look at the logic of the argument. According to Bruce Miller of the University of Michigan an argument is logically sound only if the premises were true, this fact would constitute good grounds for accepting the conclusion as true (Miller, 2000). The current argument against Descartes appears to follow logical correctness which leads to the next idea. Is the argument a deductively valid one? Miller also states that an argument form is deductively valid if and only if it is impossible that its conclusion is false given its premises are true. (Miller, 2000) If we were to assume that the premises of the argument in question were true then we would also be drawn to the same conclusion found in the argument. The second premise of the argument states that the first is untrue and therefor the conclusion is true. If the second premise were in fact true, then one could safely claim that interactive substance dualism is indeed false. This flow of sound logic structures and frames this as a deductively valid argument, but is it deductively sound? Even though an argument can be structured logically and found to be deductively valid; that may not always make the argument sound. A sound argument can be summed up as an argument that is based on truths. If a conclusion or argument is drawn from false premises then the argument is considered unsound. For instance, if I were to say that all X are Y and all Y are Z, then I could safely conclude that all X are Z. Yet using a qualifier such as all or every can be tricky, because if just one Y is not Z, then not all Xs could be Zs making the statement deductively unsound. So now that we understand what deductively sound and unsound is, let us apply it to the argument at hand. To do this we will evaluate the premises and decide whether they are true or false. The first premise of the argument at hand is a reiteration of Descartes interactive substance dualism theory that a non-physical substance could have an effect on a physical substance. Substance dualism generally holds that the body is a physical object having physical properties and that the mind is a mental substance containing mental properties irreducible to the physical. (Moreland Craig, 2003) When one experiences pain for example, the body may incur certain electrical and chemical stimulus (physical properties), which results in the self or mind consciously experiencing the felt quality and awareness of the pain (mental property). Descartes argues within substance dualism that the mind and brain closely interact with each other, though they are different substances with differing properties. This is considered to be Descartes main point in the interactive substance dualism theory and this premise will be considered true. The second premise is where this paper focuses because the argument claims that it is metaphysically impossible that a non-physical substance could have an effect on a physical substance. This premise is false because modern science has shown the effects a mind has over a body and vice versa. It appears fairly obvious to most that physical properties do not have the same features as mental properties. For example, we are unable to apply physical qualities like mass and spatial dimensions to mental events such as thoughts, feelings of pleasure and sensory experiences. (Moreland Craig, 2003) As philosopher Keith Maslin summarizes, physical occurrences do not just appear to be different from consciousness; they are utterly different, so utterly different in fact, that it is inconceivable how the physical could produce the mental. (Maslin, 2001) Yet in a published journal we find that Bruce Hinrichs pointed out that when a person reads a sentence, hears a speech, experiences an emotion, or thinks a thought, a cluster or network of brain cells fires in a certain pattern with particular intensity and timing. (Hinrichs, 2001) Similarly, it has been observed that when a part of ones brain is touched with an electrode, it may cause a mental experience such as a memory to occur. (Moreland Craig, 2003) This is evidence in itself that mental states (the mind) can be reduced to physical states (firing of electrodes/electricity); but this only demonstrates so much. While the mind is partly connected to the body, they are not identical. Therefore, the distinctiveness of mental and physical properties and states argues favorably of substance dualism; and the casual connection the mind and body share is evidence supporting Descartes interactive substance dualism theory. The existence of secondary qualities also argues favorably for interactive substance dualism. Secondary qualities are said to consist of properties like color, taste, sounds, smells and textures, whereas primary qualities are properties that characterize matter such as weight, shape, size, solidity, and motion. (Moreland Craig, 2003) Frank Jackson explains that a strictly physical and material world would arguably force us to deny it: We sense the world as made up of coloured, materially continuous, macroscopic, stable objects; Science and, in particular, Physics, tells us that the material world is constituted of clouds of minute, colourless, highly-mobile particlesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Science forces us to acknowledge that physical or material things are not colouredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This will enable us to conclude that sense-data are all mental, for they are coloured. (Jackson, 1977) Effort should be made to at least acknowledge the criticisms of interactive substance dualism and potentially defend against them. Some have pointed out a problem of interaction when it comes to substance dualism. This may be the leading criticism against Descartes theory. How can the soul, lacking all physical dimensions, possibly affect, and be affected by, the extended body? (Maslin, 2001) It does not appear that we reasonably explain how each separate substance could interact with the other. This argument though appears to be based on an appeal to our ignorance. It assumes that if we do not understand how X causes Z that it is not reasonable to believe the two can interact. Craig and Moreland wrote that a tack can be moved by a magnetic field, and gravity acts on a planet millions of miles away. (Moreland Craig, 2003) The magnetic fields and gravitational forces have very different properties to the solid and spatially located entities they affect, and while we may not fully und erstand how such an interaction occurs, it nevertheless does just as we recognize the interaction between mind and body. An argument was made against Descartes interactive substance dualism theory that will be analyzed and evaluated in this paper. The paper set forth to point out that this argument against Descartes interactive substance dualism theory, while being valid in nature, is unsound because its second premise is false. We discussed that the argument, while logically framed and deductively valid, was inevitably false because of its second premise. The paper presented several arguments in favor of substance dualism by showing the distinctiveness of mental and physical properties and states; as well as the existence of secondary qualities. The paper also examined the main criticism of interactive substance dualism and the problem of interaction between mind and body. Given the above arguments for interactive substance dualism and the successfully countered criticism, it seems clear to me that it is indeed metaphysically possible for a non-physical substance to have an effect on a physical substa nce. If this paper has performed its purpose adequetly, then you as the reader can agree that the 2nd premise of the argument against Descartes is false. If a conclusion is drawn from a false premise then the argument becomes deductively unsound and should leave the interactive substance dualism theory in a very convincing position.

Stages Essay -- Essays Papers

Stages Richard Wright's Native Son provides us with an exemplary example of the way the black race was conditioned in the 1930's. He does this by telling us about an adult black male named Bigger Thomas. Wright titles each book in the novel the way he does to give insight into the various actions and feelings of Bigger. Book one is entitled Fear. It provides us with an explanation of why Bigger is afraid to do many things that he has a chance to do. Wright explains that Bigger is afraid because he is conditioned by white society to act this way. In Fear, Wright shows us that in actuality, Bigger is afraid to rob Blum's store. Bigger tries to mask his fear by implying that Gus is the one who is scared. They are shooting a game of pool when he asks Gus if he still wants to do the job. When Gus says no Bigger replies, "How come? You scared ‘cause he's a white man?" When Gus retaliates, Bigger tries to accuse Jack and G.H. He makes the statement, "Cause he's white, everybody's scared." Wright emphasizes bigger's fear again when he arrives at the Dalton's. Bigger is scared because he thinks that someone will believe that he is trying to rob or rape somebody. Bigger feels that he should have stayed among his own people in order to escape the feeling of fear that he has in his heart. On ce again Wright emphasizes the title. He does this when Jan and Mary ask Bigger to eat with them. Bigger stutterers, "I-I . . . . I don't want to go in." With this statement Bigger shows how much he fears the white race. In this book of Native Son Bigger proves that his heart is full of fear when he burns Mary's body to prevent anyone from blaming her so called "disappearance" on him. It is clear that Wright entitled book one Fear to emphasize why bigger's heart is full of fear and what he does to cope with this fear. Book two of Wright's Native Son is entitled Flight. Like Fear, Flight also has a specific meaning. Flight begins with Bigger at his home asleep. He leaps from bed with thoughts of how he killed Mary Dalton flooding his mind. He begins to think that he can do what he wants and not get caught. After killing Mary, bigger begins to thirst for more. When he returns to the Dalton's he wonders if he will have to kill Peggy. He thinks that she might accidentally see parts of Mary's body in the furnace. Bessie inadvertently gives him an i... ...ming, "You can't make me do nothing but die!" Bigger believes that he has no reason to live. After a long heart felt talk with Max, Bigger realizes that he really wants to live, not die. He sobs, "I don't want to die, I don't want to die." The trial is now over and his fate has been determined. "In Number 666-983, indictment for murder, the sentence, of the Court is that you, bigger Thomas, shall die on or before midnight of Friday, March third, in a manner prescribed by the laws of this state." It is clear to see that Wright entitled book three fate to emphasize the fact that Bigger's fate lies in the hands of the people that put such extreme amounts of fear into his heart. So, in conclusion, Richard Wright entitles each book in his novel Native Son for a specific reason. He gives book one the title Fear in order to provide insight into why bigger's heart is full of fear and how he copes with his fear. Wright titles book two Flight in order to emphasize how Bigger becomes hungry for more and what he does to satisfy this hunger. Book three is given the title of Fate to show that in fact, Bigger's fate lies in the hands of the people that caused him to kill in the first

English Writing Assessment

The deep freeze left roads and pavements covered in ice, making driving and conditions for pedestrians extremely dangerous. Salt supplies are ‘stretched', while thousands of schools are shut and air and rail travel are again affected y delays. In Hartley, Essex and Leeds, officials have decided to only grit key routes, leaving many roads untreated. Motorway hard shoulders are no longer being gritted, with the government proportioning salt for the worst- affected regions. There have even been reports of some local councils removing grit bins in certain areas in an attempt to reduce salt usage.Milk deliveries have also been disrupted, with tankers struggling to reach dairy farms. Some farmers have had to dump supplies as few have large storage facilities while, in Scotland, several barn roofs have collapsed under the weight of snow. In Bristol Harbor, the temperature was low enough that the sea began to freeze over. Conditions have been so poor in places that some villages have b een cut off, including Princeton in Dartmouth. Up to 4,000 homes were without water after a main burst outside the Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading.Thousands of schools remain closed, with exam candidates in England, Wales and Northern Ireland warned they could have to wait five months to sit GEESE and A-level modules if weather prevents them taking them next week. Overnight, temperatures in Manchester fell to -ICC, with Glasgow reaching ICC, Cardiff -ICC and London hovering just below zero. The lowest temperature recorded this week was in the Scottish Highlands, -22. ICC while England's low was -ICC in Woodward, Cheshire. Temperatures are expected to stay around freezing throughout the weekend and forecasters say winds could make it feel even colder.Page 2 of 4 Document 2 – Extract from online forums Suffolk County Council Website Discussion Forum Mike D am furious about the school closures in my area. Wave had 3-4 inches of snow and yet local schools only a mile apart ha ve made different decisions about whether to open or close. The Government should carry out an urgent review of school closure policies. It is absolutely outrageous that teachers are still being paid when they are failing to do their job. Anonymous am a Secondary School Teacher in a school of 1,300 pupils.Unfortunately, when the weather is like it is now, school closures are a necessity. It isn't simply a matter of whether the teaching staff can get to the school or not (though that is a factor), but also how safe it is for them when they get there. Obviously, the same applies for the pupils too, many of whom do not attend he school nearest to them and would be traveling early morning when the roads are at their most dangerous. Not to mention the fact that we're at the mercy of the bus services on top of all this.In fact, only the other day I saw a bus struggling to get up a hill because the road hadn't been gritted. The fact is that its often more sensible to close the school altog ether than to risk teaching a small number of pupils in potentially unsafe conditions. Sarah P My children were at home for two days in the week as their school was closed because of the snow. We had a fantastic time making a snowman, sledging ND having a snowball fight in the park. We don't see weather like this very often; can't we let the kids enjoy it a little bit?My husband has had no real problems getting to work, and I've been walking to the local shops to get our food shopping. Apart from the fact that I've been forced to take annual leave to look after the children, is this weather really all that bad? Michelle M A lot of people seem to be complaining about school closures and teachers not being in work. Let's be honest; the vast majority of you would happily take a ‘snow day' if it was offered to you. I know I would! Having said that, the dads around my way haven't been gritted and I've already seen one accident where a driver lost control and skidded into a parked c ar.My kids' school has been closed for a few days now and my youngest has missed some Of his exams, which he's been working really hard for, but to be perfectly honest, the break has done him good. Page 3 of 4 @ Education Development International ply 201 0 TASK 1 You live on a road that is a main bus route to the local secondary school. During the cold weather, your road did not get gritted. Write a letter to the council persuading them that your road needs to be made a priority road for rioting.

Do People Inherit their Personality

Do People Inherit their Personality Introduction Personality differences are one of the primary factors that differentiate different individuals, because of the varying nature of peoples’ behaviors. Behavioral differences are evident in people’s ways of thinking or reactions to different occurrences in their immediate environments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do People Inherit their Personality? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, personality traits define an individual’s profile in terms of character hence, determining how such individuals will interact with their immediate environment and other people. The question of the primary determinant of peoples’ personality traits is one of the most controversial topics in psychology, because of the varying arguments presented by different psychologists. On one end, some psychologists believe that individuals acquire their personality traits through genetic inheritance; while on the other hand, some argue that peoples’ personality traits are products of the environment. Contrary to these two antagonizing notions, some psychologists believe that, both heredity through genetic inheritance and the environment play a role in shaping an individual’s behavior. As research studies show, although individuals may inherit some personality traits from their parents, parental methodologies of nurturing children also contributes to shaping an individual’s personality (Nash Bernstein, 1999, pp. 560-574). Considering this, although heredity through genetic inheritance plays a crucial role when it comes to defining an individual’s personality characteristics, environmental occurrences and challenges play some roles in shaping an individual’s personality. Determinants of Personality As research studies show, heredity only defines the limits of an individual’s personality traits, whereas the environment shapes the defined personality traits. The actual development of an individuals inherited personality traits primarily depend on one’s cultural, situational, and social environment. The ability of individuals to survive in any environment primarily depends on their ability to change their personalities in order for them to fit such environments. Environmental factors, for example, culture, defines the type of values embraced by an individual whereas, others, for example situational factors can either diminish or encourage development of some features of an individual’s personality. In addition to such occurrences in one’s environment in shaping an individual’s personality, some environmental factors, for example, one’s family and religious affiliation also play a crucial role in defining the nature of values that an individual will embrace hence, greatly shaping their personality. Therefore, although most nomotetic psychological researches undermine the significance of the environment in determining an individual’s personality, by holding that genetically inherited personality traits are constant, environmental influences can greatly alter an individual’s genetically inherited personality traits (Cervone, 2001, p.1).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further, as psychological research studies show, although some aspects of an individual’s personality traits, for example, intelligence are purely products of genetic inheritance, the ability of individuals to act in a certain ways depend on factors in their immediate environments. Psychologically, conditioned behaviors are products of learnt experiences. Hence, although individuals may inherit some genetic personality traits from their parents, through experiences, such personality traits are bound to change, this being the only mechanism of fitting into a certain envir onment. For example, consider a case of children brought up in family with very irritable parents; although such children may inherit such a trait, if these parents provide these children with the required behavioral guidance, likelihoods of these children developing such traits are low. This is because, as these children grow and interact with their environment, they are likely learn the consequences of such a behavior, a fact that will make them to detest irritability; hence, the likelihood of these children to control their tempers (Eysenck, 1990, pp. 246-260). Conclusion In conclusion, although individuals inherit some elements of their personality, heredity through genetic inheritance only defines the limit of personality traits, which individuals can have. Considering this, both genetics and the environment play a role in shaping an individual’s personality, because as genetics defines the limits of development, the environment shapes such developed traits. Reference Li st Cervone, D. parental influences on personality. Web. Eysenck, H. J. (1990). Genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences: the three major dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality, 55, 245-261.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Do People Inherit their Personality? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nash, P. W. Bernstein, D. A. (1999). Essentials of Psychology. Belmont, California Wadsworth Publishing Company. Web.

Operation Sea Lion (Invasion of Britain) in WWII

Operation Sea Lion (Invasion of Britain) in WWII Operation Sea Lion was the German plan for the invasion of Britain in  World War II  (1939-1945) and was planned for sometime in late 1940, after the Fall of France. Background With the German victory over Poland in the opening campaigns of World War II, leaders in Berlin commenced planning for fighting in the west against France and Britain. These plans called for the capture of ports along the English Channel followed by efforts to force Britains surrender. How this was to be accomplished quickly became a matter of debate among the German militarys senior leadership.  This saw Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, commander of the Kriegsmarine, and Reichsmarschall Hermann Gà ¶ring of the Luftwaffe both argue against a seaborne invasion and lobby for various types of blockades aimed at crippling the British economy. Conversely, the army leadership advocated for landings in East Anglia, which would see 100,000 men put ashore. Raeder countered this by arguing that it would take a year to assemble the shipping required and that the British Home Fleet would need to be neutralized.  Gà ¶ring continued to argue that such a cross-channel effort could only be made as final act of an already victorious war against Britain. Despite these misgivings, in the summer of 1940, shortly after Germanys stunning conquest of France, Adolf Hitler turned his attention to the possibility of an invasion of Britain. Somewhat surprised that London had rebuffed peace overtures, he issued Directive No. 16 on July 16 which stated, As England, in spite of the hopelessness of her military position, has so far shown herself unwilling to come to any compromise, I have decided to begin to prepare for, and if necessary to carry out, an invasion of England...and if necessary the island will be occupied. For this to succeed, Hitler laid out four conditions that had to be met to ensure success. Similar to those identified by German military planners in late 1939, they included elimination of the Royal Air Force to ensure air superiority, clearing of the English Channel of mines and the laying of German mines, the emplacing of artillery along the English Channel, and preventing the Royal Navy from interfering with the landings. Though pushed by Hitler, neither Raeder or Gà ¶ring actively supported the invasion plan. Having taken serious losses to the surface fleet during the invasion of Norway, Raeder came to actively oppose the effort as the Kriegsmarine lacked the warships to either defeat the Home Fleet or support a crossing of the Channel. German Planning Dubbed Operation Sea Lion, planning moved forward under the guidance of Chief of the General Staff General Fritz Halder. Though Hitler had originally desired to invade on August 16, it was soon realized that this date was unrealistic. Meeting with planners on July 31, Hitler was informed that most desired to postpone the operation until May 1941. As this would remove the political threat of the operation, Hitler refused this request but agreed to push Sea Lion back until September 16. In the early stages, the invasion plan for Sea Lion called for landings on a 200-mile front from Lyme Regis east to Ramsgate. This would have seen Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leebs Army Group C cross from Cherbourg and land at Lyme Regis while Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedts Army Group A sailed from Le Havre and the Calais area to land the southeast. Possessing a small and depleted surface fleet, Raeder opposed this broad front approach as he felt it could not be defended from the Royal Navy. As Gà ¶ring began intense attacks against the RAF in August, which developed into the Battle of Britain, Halder vehemently attacked his naval counterpart, feeling that a narrow invasion front would lead to heavy casualties. The Plan Changes Bowing to Raeders arguments, Hitler agreed to narrow the scope of the invasion on August 13 with the westernmost landings to be made at Worthing. As such, only Army Group A would take part in the initial landings. Composed of the 9th and 16th Armies, von Rundstedts command would cross the Channel and establish a front from the Thames Estuary to Portsmouth. Pausing, they would build up their forces before conducting a pincer attack against London. This taken, German forces would advance north to around the 52nd parallel. Hitler assumed that Britain would surrender by the time his troops reached this line. As the invasion plan continued to be in flux, Raeder was plagued by a lack of purpose-built landing craft. To remedy this situation, the Kriegsmarine gathered around 2,400 barges from around Europe. Though a large number, they were still insufficient for the invasion and could only be used in relatively calm seas. As these were gathered in the Channel ports, Raeder continued to be concerned that his naval forces would be insufficient to combat the Royal Navys Home Fleet. To further support the invasion, a myriad of heavy guns were emplaced along the Straits of Dover. British Preparations Aware of German invasion preparations, the British began defensive planning. Though a large number of men were available, much of the British Armys heavy equipment had been lost during the Dunkirk Evacuation. Appointed Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces in late May, General Sir Edmund Ironside was tasked with overseeing the islands defense. Lacking sufficient mobile forces, he elected to construct a system of static defensive lines around southern Britain, which were backed by the heavier General Headquarters Anti-tank Line. These lines were to be supported by a small mobile reserve. Delayed and Cancelled On September 3, with British Spitfires and Hurricanes still controlling the skies over southern Britain, Sea Lion was again postponed, first to September 21 and then, eleven days later, to September 27. On September 15, Gà ¶ring launched massive raids against Britain in an attempt to crush Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowdings Fighter Command. Defeated, the Luftwaffe took heavy losses. Summoning Gà ¶ring and von Rundstedt on September 17, Hitler indefinitely postponed Operation Sea Lion citing the Luftwaffes failure to obtain air superiority and a general lack of coordination between the branches of the German military. Turning his attention eastward to the Soviet Union and planning for Operation Barbarossa, Hitler never returned to the invasion of Britain and the invasion barges were ultimately dispersed. In the years after the war, many officers and historians have debated whether Operation Sea Lion could have succeeded. Most have concluded that it likely would have failed due to the strength of the Royal Navy and the Kriegsmarines inability to prevent it from interfering with the landings and subsequent re-supply of those troops already ashore. Sources Cruickshank, Dan. â€Å"History - World Wars: The German Threat to Britain in World War Two.†Ã‚  BBC, BBC, 21 June 2011â€Å"Operation Sealion.†Ã‚  History Learning SiteDunkirk evacuation, Operation Sealion and the Battle of Britain.  The Other Side

Law risk #7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Law risk #7 - Essay Example The institutionalized peace and truce of God was then Christianized into Crusades. The people are given scriptural provisions that refer to peace and truce of God but these provisions are ‘to be controlled by the law of the church,’ which goes ahead to call for the Crusades (Munro 5-8). Urban justifies violence against the Muslim world. He calls upon ‘the shepherds to guard on all sides the flock committed’ to them for if they are not careful the wolf may carry the flock away, and God would reduce the reward stored for them. The justification is also evidenced when he tells the people that being the salt of the world, it is necessary for them to correct the wisdom of the foolish people, failure to which they would be denied the loving presence of God. He further urges that although the people have promised to keep peace amongst them, they have a greater task of applying the strength of their righteousness towards the brethren who live in Romania where the Turks and Arabs are attacking. The unjust, robbers and mercenaries are told by Urban to fight the barbarians (Thatcher

Arab Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Arab Nationalism - Essay Example Quite simply stated, the Arab conquest of the region gave birth to the Arab World, to the notion of Arab unity and to the Arab peoples themselves. It took a diverse group of people and gave them a common language, culture, religion and, over time, a common identity. It is, thus, that the Arab conquest of the region stands out as one of the most significant turning points in the history of the Middle East and, indeed, the roots of Arab Nationalism can be directly traced to it (Hitti, 1943). Arab nationalism, tracing its roots to the Moslem conquest of north Africa and the Levantine, has survived over the millennia due to a complex set of historical and political circumstances. The concept of the Arab nation and of Arab nationalism is based on historical circumstances which have a strong psychological appeal. As argued by Karsh (2001) in "Misunderstanding Arab Nationalism," this concept represents the historical successes, and power that the Arabs had achieved when they were united as a single empire from the eleventh to the nineteenth century. Since the collapse of that Empire, however, the Arabs have achieved little and have, indeed, devolved into twenty-two third world nations which have little, if any, political and economic influence over world affairs (Karsh, 2001). Indeed, until recently, there was hardly a country in the Arab World which was not colonized and whose sovereignty was not in question. Even today, and despite the supposed collapse of colonialism, many of the Arab countries remain under the political, economic and military domination of Western powers. Iraq is occupied; Sudan suffers political and economic sanctions; parts of Lebanon and Syria are occupied by Israel and, most of Palestine has been lost, and the remainder is under Israeli occupation. As Baram (2003) contends, as they look at their present, the Arab people increasingly realise the extent of their weakness and tend to connect their present situation to their division, even as they relate their past glory to their historic unity. Comparisons between their past and present maintain the dream of Arab unity and ensure that the concept of Arab nationalism remains alive. Hence, if Arab nationalism is rooted in history, it also has its roots in the current reality of the Arab nations and populations. The psychological appeal and popularity of Arab nationalism are reflected in the ideologies that emerged from the Arab World following the collapse of colonialism. These ideologies, such as Baathism and Nasserism, were based upon the concept of pan-Arabism and Arab Unity. Baathism, developed in Syria in the 1930s as a specific response to the weakness of the Arab nation and their status as colonized countries (Baram, 2003). Baathism was based on the argument that the Arabs shared a common language, history, and culture making them one people. Accordingly, the natural condition for the Arabs was unity and strength and the unnatural condition was division and weakness (Baram, 2003). The significant point about Baathism is not just that it became the official ideology of Arab countries like Syria and Iraq, but that it was extremely popular among the Arab masses. Another popular ideology in the Arab World, Nasserism, emerged in the 1950s and similarly argued that Arab unity was the goal that all Arab countries should work to reach. As a matter of fact, it is possible to argue that the